by Due to the intensive development of the automotive industry and the growing desire for people to own their own cars, there is currently a rather active increase in the number of vehicles, which leads to significant atmospheric pollution. Numerous studies show that emissions from vehicle exhaust gases are no less harmful to people and the environment than emissions from large industrial enterprises. This is due to the fact that pollution from cars occurs in high concentration and at low height. 
To reduce the amount of harmful gas emissions, suspended particles, and chemicals, various measures are applied today, one of which is the use of car catalysts. These devices, officially called catalytic converters, are installed in the vehicle’s exhaust system and neutralize the gases that are emitted outside.
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Main Functions of Car Catalysts
Thanks to catalytic converters, the poisonous compounds present in the car’s exhaust gases undergo certain chemical reactions (afterburning, etc.). As a result, they are emitted outside through the exhaust pipe as already cleaned and neutral compounds that have minimal impact on the environment. In general, the functional component of catalysts is reduced to reactions between the exhausts and the components from which the devices themselves are made. Thus, car catalysts help reduce the amount of harmful substrates.
If the fuel were to burn completely in engines, the need for a catalytic converter would disappear by itself since only water and carbon dioxide would be emitted through the exhaust pipe. Unfortunately, achieving such a degree of combustion is practically impossible. 
Types of Car Catalysts
The functionality and principle of operation of catalytic converters depend on the type of devices used, which are chosen based on the degree of exhaust content in engines with compression ignition or spark ignition. Thus, the most in-demand catalysts for cars are the following types:
- Oxidizing. These catalytic converters process toxic carbon and hydrocarbons into steam and water.
They are used in cars with engines characterized by compression ignition.
- Reducing. The main task of such catalysts is the removal of nitrogen oxides.
- Oxidizing-reducing. These devices are considered universal and multifunctional since they guarantee the elimination of all possible harmful components of exhausts. Most modern oxidizing-reducing catalysts ensure the removal of up to 90% of the chemical elements that make up exhaust gases.
To ensure that catalytic converters work properly for the longest possible time, certain conditions must be observed, facilitated by the lambda probe. This device reads the main parameters of the fuel mixture and sends the data to the computer, which then regulates its composition.
To guarantee the most effective cleaning of car exhausts, the catalyst should be replaced as soon as it becomes clogged and can no longer perform its functions.
